TGFB1 and neoplasm: Signals from the tumour stroma, in particular TGF-β, EGF, FGF, PDGF and HGF, acting through downstream signalling pathways such as the TGF-β/SMAD, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and Notch pathways, appear to be largely responsible for triggering EMT in carcinoma cells [2,12,15,16].