ACTA1 and Cirrhosis: We have previously shown that VAP-1 is expressed by HEC, in addition to α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) hepatic stellate cells and activated myofibroblasts in cirrhosis.12 To this effect, strong VAP-1 expression was seen in the fibrous septa and the walls of portal/septal vessels in PSC liver (see online supplementary figure 2E–F).