ATAD1 and infection: Antibodies specific for AMA-1, EBA-175 and MSPs antibodies, were found to reduce the odds of treatment failure [24, 26, 27] and have been associated with protection from high density parasitaemia and symptomatic malaria in other studies [12, 39], whereas anti-MSP1 Block 2 specific antibodies, were not associated with a reduced odds of treatment failure [23] and in previous studies have not been shown to be protective against high density parasitaemia and symptomatic infections [12].