IL23R and G6PD deficiency: Using logistic regression analysis models, controlling for the confounding effects of age, sex, co-infection (HIV-1 status and bacteremia), HbAS, alpha-thalassemia, and G6PD deficiency [8, 46–49], we determined the association between carriage of the IL-23R rs1884444 and rs7530511 haplotype constructs and SMA.