TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: TNF-α, through increasing the activities of the NF-κB transcriptional factor [56, 57], protein kinase C [58], amino terminal kinase and inhibitor kinase, could cause serine/threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate, interfere with normal phosphorylation of tyrosine, and weaken signal transduction of insulin, resulting in insulin resistance [36], otherwise, TNF-α may be result in the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and lead to the development of T1DM [59].