BDNF and glioma: For instance, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is associated with the chemosensitivity of glioma cells53; the neuregulin-1/ERBB receptor signaling cascade contributes to enhancing the survival of human astrocytic glioma cells54; impairment of the cell cycle is associated with the growth inhibition of human glioma cells55; blocking the focal adhesion pathway has the potential to be an efficacious treatment for human gliomas56; and neurotrophin signaling could be a target for the combinatorial treatment of malignant glioma57.