Thus, vaccination may exert a protective effect on SIV infection (animals K6, K9, and K11) or disease progression (animals K4 and K7), but the CNS immune profile of animals K4, K7, and K10 demonstrates that, once infection is established, neuroinflammation is not mitigated by pre-existing, vaccine-induced immunity, and that plasma viremia may not be predictive of immune responses or viral activity in CNS. Here, KRT10 is linked to infection.