As a consequence, FXR ligands have been claimed as new therapeutical options in a wide range of diseases related to metabolic, inflammatory and immune-modulated disorders including type II diabetes, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (Fiorucci and Baldelli, 2009; Fiorucci et al., 2011b, 2012a,b, 2014; Sepe et al., 2015a). The gene discussed is NR1H4; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.