In line with this effort, we recently showed that the clinically used drugs leflunomide (AravaTM), used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene (EvistaTM), used for the treatment of osteoporosis and breast cancer chemoprevention, inhibit the growth of melanoma and estrogen-receptor negative cells, respectively, in an AhR-dependent manner [12, 23, 27]. Here, ESR1 is linked to melanoma.