Knowing that the major processes leading to ROS generation are tightly regulated by a balance of anti- and pro-oxidants, we next tested the effect of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the pro-oxidant family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs), as well as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an anti-oxidant which we previously showed can prevent CIS [9]. The gene discussed is FMO5; the disease is in situ carcinoma.