CAFs, one of the prominent stromal cell population in most types of human carcinomas, are α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) positive, spindle-shaped cells, who differentiate and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment in a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-dependent manner from other cell types such as resident fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial and epithelial cells [5–9]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.