HIF1A and infectious otitis media: Rats injected with AOM twice weekly had a significant increase in glycolytic markers in their noninvolved colorectal mucosa compared to rats injected with saline, including HIF1α (1.47 fold, p = 0.015), GLUT1 (1.25 fold, p = 0.008), PKM2 (1.358 fold, p = 0.0003) and LDHA (1.25 fold, p = 0.016) (Figure 5A, 5B).