HIF1A and infectious otitis media: Rats injected with AOM twice weekly had a significant increase in glycolytic markers in their noninvolved colorectal mucosa compared to rats injected with saline, including HIF1α (1.55 fold, p = 0.04), GLUT1 (1.29 fold, p = 0.05), PKM2 (1.74 fold, p = 0.001) and LDHA (1.60 fold, p = 0.052) (Figure 4A).