BPH was histologically confirmed in 8 of 88 PCa patients (9.1%) and 89 of 159 biopsy-negative patients (56.0%) (p < 0.0001), and 4 of 28 (14.3%) and 38 of 80 (47.5%) in PCa patients and biopsy-negative patients with PSA of 4–10 ng/ml, respectively (p < 0.0001). Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.