TNF and colitis: To overcome these disadvantages, we developed an IL-12/IL-23p40 peptide-based vaccine which induced relative long-lasting antibodies against IL-12/IL-23, and immunization with this vaccine improved TNBS-induced acute and chronic murine colitis by downregulating IL-12, IL-23, TNF, and IFN-γ and reducing fibrosis [49, 50].