CD4 and diabetes mellitus: With regards to Th1 cells, increased serum CXCL10 concentrations in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus sign a predominant Th1-driven autoimmune process, suggesting that a Th1 immune response is involved in the initiation of the insulitis [23]; while T-bet-deficient NOD mice were found to have profound defects in diabetogenic CD4+ T cells, both in the innate and adaptive immune systems.