TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: Galectin-1, a known hypoxia-responsive protein,24 is known to increase the migratory potential of lung cancer cells.29 Further, galectin-1 expression is induced by TGF-β/SMAD signaling in lung fibroblasts, accelerating PF.30 As FAK1 knockdown dampened SMAD3 activation in hypoxia (Figures 4c and d), we tested whether SMAD3 and FAK1 can regulate hypoxia-induced transcription of galectin-1.