MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Although the effect size of CSF VLP-1 levels in AD patients comparing with that in healthy controls and MCI patients was less pronounced than that of core CSF biomarkers of AD, such as Ab42, t-tau and p-tau (Table 2), the role of CSF VLP-1 as a biomarker of neuronal injury in AD has been supported in some degree by current study.9,11,20 Stejskal D et al20 had confirmed the role of increasing serum VLP-1 in estimating neuronal injury after ischemic stroke.