TNF and neoplasm: Within the mammary tumor and surrounding stromal areas, we did not observe alterations in TILs (T or B lymphocytes) in samples from the two treatment arms, Macrophages play an important role during the neoplastic transformation of mammary epithelial cells, including the facilitation of DNA damage via reactive oxygen release, enhancing cell survival and creating a chronically inflammatory state within the tumour via secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β [42].