GDF2 and cancer: Flow cytometry showed BMP9 treatment for 72 h in the co-cultured system increased the cancer cells in G2/M phase (co-cultured with pre-adipocytes) and those in G1 phase (co-cultured with pre-adipocytes and adipocytes), but decreased cancer cells in S phase (co-cultured with pre-adipocytes and adipocytes) (P < 0.05) (Figure 3C).