TNF and Crohn ileitis: Remarkably, T. gondii infection of hma mice also resulted in pronounced systemic pro-inflammatory immune responses, given that serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF, MCP-1, IL-12p70 and IL-6 were all multifold elevated at day 7 p.i. (p<0.05–0.001 vs noninfected controls; Fig 8A) and paralleled by increased IFN-γ secretion in splenic ex vivo biopsies taken from hma mice with ileitis (p<0.01 vs noninfected controls; Fig 8B).