ULK1 and infection: This recruitment is likely due to an early induction of autophagosome formation, since the activity of the main autophagy inhibitor, TORC1, decreased at 1.5 hpi (Fig 7B–7E), the transcription of some of the genes involved in nucleation (atg1) and elongation (atg8) of the isolation membrane, the two major steps in autophagosome formation [51, 52], were upregulated at the beginning of the infection (Fig 1G), and translocation of GFP-Atg8 from the cytosol to autophagosomal membranes can also be observed from 1.5 hpi (Figs 4F, 1A and 1B).