HK1 and glioblastoma: VDAC1 is involved in the process of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mediating the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins, such as HK, Bcl-2 and Bcl-x [13] [16–22], some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers, including GBM [9, 49].