NCS1 and bipolar disorder: 2015). From a clinical standpoint, NCS‐1 over expression in at least some bipolar disorder patients (Koh et al. 2003), would be expected to increase high‐frequency activity initially as concentrations rose, essentially inducing increased arousal and hypervigilance, but as NCS‐1 concentrations continue to rise, these would ultimately block the generation of high‐frequency oscillations. This suggests that an optimal level of NCS‐1 for normal function is essential. The same may be true for Li+.