Recently, advances in cellular reprograming have led to the development of iPS-derived midbrain dopamine neurones from Parkinson's patients harbouring PINK1 and Parkin mutations, and these cells demonstrate aberrant α-synuclein cytosolic accumulation and mitochondrial defects, making them an ideal in vitro system to probe the role of mitophagy in PD [88]. The gene discussed is PRKN; the disease is Parkinson disease.