HSPA5 and hepatocellular carcinoma: GRP78 has been reported to inhibit HBV replication by facilitating HBV transcript degradation via activation of IFN-β1-2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway [22], to promote virion secretion via guiding posttranslational ER translocation of the HBV large envelope protein [23, 24], to enhance the retro-transportation of HBeAg precursor from the ER into cytosol [12], which may affect HBeAg secretion, and to facilitate the migration and invasion of HCC via reduction of ER stress-induced apoptosis, expression on cell-surface or conferring drug resistance [25–28].