The presence of high levels of TGFβ1, IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra), IL-10 and soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has, in fact, been demonstrated in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with gout and has been associated with the upregulation of intracellular negative cytokine regulators such as the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS)3 and the cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). Here, TNF is linked to gout.