One promising avenue for future research is in using intranasal insulin in combination with neuroimaging methodologies and neuropsychological testing to assess the role of central insulin resistance in neurocognition (Tschritter et al., 2006; Ketterer et al., 2011; Grichisch et al., 2012; Kullmann et al., 2013, 2015; Heni et al., 2014, 2016). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.