HLA-DRB1 and congenital rubella syndrome: Several other polymorphisms associated with CRS have been published, but have not been replicated,1 including Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles, especially HLA-DRB1*04, genes of innate immunity (e.g., IRAK4, nitric oxide synthase – NOS, MET proto-oncogene, SERPINA1), inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL13, IL33, IL22RA1), and genes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and tissue remodeling (metalloproteinase MMP9, TGFB1).7