DDIT3 and cancer: As noted above, the in situ stimulation of GRP78 or CHOP in cancers of reproductive tissues indicates that adaptation of ER stress may be crucial in regulating tumor survival/growth and may be involved in inducing chemotherapy resistance, which suggests that alone or in combination with currently available chemotherapeutics, use of such agents that impair ER-homeostasis and/or disrupt cancer cell ER-stress adaptation mechanism(s) may provide more effective therapies.