ID1 and infection: Results revealed that, during the first 3 h of infection, at least 96 transcripts associated with immune responses (e.g. ISGs, MX1, RSAD2, A3C, ID1, CRIP1, TRIM25 and MDA5), apoptosis (ID1, ATF3, TNFα, and RNF7), and pro-inflammatory responses (e.g. PD-L1, CCL8, CXCL10 and CCL17) were downregulated.