BRAF and urinary bladder cancer: Mutation of Braf gene in bladder cancer is an infrequent event [34], however, Ras mutation, which act upstream of Braf, or Ras pathway has been shown to play an important role in bladder cancer tumorigenesis [35], while MEK inhibitor, PD-0325901, has been shown to suppress bladder tumor growth in a patient-derived xenograft model [36] and the inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK pathway through Cholera toxin also resulted in growth arrest in cell line model [37].