Furthermore, the 1,25(OH)2D3 had direct anti-tumor effect [31] because several oncogenes or anti-oncogenes could be regulated by vitamin D [32], such as TGF-β, TNF-α, p27/Kip1, c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, which were closely associated with the proliferation and differentiation of some specific cells [33]. Here, JUN is linked to neoplasm.