HPSE and acute kidney injury: Induction of AKI in both wt and Hpa-tg mice was characterized by significant elevation of serum creatinine (SCr) (Figure 3A, 3B) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (Figure 3C, 3D), which was evident after 48 h and 72 h in both the wt and Hpa-tg mice (Figure 3), but was more prominent in the Hpa-tg mice after 72 h (Figure 3B, 3D).