In addition, the typical CKD-associated pathological alterations, such as the reduction of E-cadherin- an epithelial cell marker and the induction of α-SMA, the myofibroblast differentiation marker, were also attenuated by TSA treatment, indicating that HDAC inhibition effectively prevents Klotho loss, which might account for the renal and bone protections. Here, ACTA1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.