VEGFA and macular retinal edema: Noma et al. suggested that in patients with BRVO, vascular occlusion induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which is promoted by hypoxia and retinal nonperfusion and interleukin-6 (IL-6), resulting in blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown and increased vascular permeability which results in macular edema [34–36].