In contrast to IBD, analysis of intestinal transcriptomic data sets from human subjects with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Tremblay et al. 2016) or insulin-resistance (IR) (Veilleux et al. 2015) did not reveal strong enrichment of HNF4A-bound regions near down-regulated genes (Fig. 5C). This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and necrotizing enterocolitis.