This observation is consistent with the widely held view that α-gliadins are the main proteins responsible for eliciting the non-IgE mediated reaction in coeliac disease [53], due to their high reactivity to anti-gliadin antibodies developed in coeliac disease [54], [55] and the characterisation of Fraser Fraction III which showed that it contained the α-gliadin toxic 33-mer [56]. Here, IGHE is linked to celiac disease.