These in vitro studies suggest that p45 NF-E2 does not only regulate GCM1 acetylation but also GCM1 desumoylation, which is an important determinant of GCM1 DNA-binding activity.25 To evaluate the potential translational relevance of these findings, we next analyzed the human placentae obtained from pregnancies complicated by IUGR versus healthy controls. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2 and fetal growth restriction.