MAPK3 and melanoma: Possible p38-activated candidates include p53, Bim, CHOP and ATF6.26, 27, 28, 29 In the case of ERK1/2, more than 150 targets have been identified.30 Among them are various death receptors (Fas, DR4 and DR5) and death ligands (TNFα, FasL), Bcl-2 family members, p53 and Elk1.30, 31, 32 Our finding that ERK1/2 has a role in cell death may be associated with its subcellular localization, as blocking its nuclear translocation induced apoptosis of melanoma cells.33, 34 Therefore, it is possible that LIP augments cell death by inhibiting nuclear translocation of ERK1/2.