To assess whether enhancement of these responses also occurred after TIV or DTPiP vaccination of Gambians with life‐long HCMV infection, pre and post‐vaccination PBMC were cultured with high concentrations of IL‐12 (5 ng/mL) plus IL‐18 (50 ng/mL) (HCC). Here, IL18 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.