To determine whether 4T1 murine tumour cells also secrete higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, we used a cytokine antibody array (Ray Biotech), which demonstrated that compared to non-metastatic EMT6 or 67NR cells, metastatic 4T1 tumours cells secrete higher levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines including IL6, IL8, RANTES, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL12, CXCL16, CXCL5 and VCAM (Fig. 1e,f). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.