As shown in both 4T1/BALB/c and AT-3/C57BL/6J tumour models, mMDSCs induce a strong upregulation of pStat1, pStat3 and pNF-κB as well as enhanced expression of vimentin and twist in tumour cells, while suppressing the pERK1/2 activity (Fig. 4h,i). Here, VIM is linked to neoplasm.