HSD17B1 and gestational diabetes: These candidate genes were chosen based on a priori knowledge of the transcriptional effects of phthalates, their expression in the human placenta (reviewed in [14]), and associations with placentally-mediated pathologies such as preeclampsia (HSD17B1, CYP19A1, CGA, AHR) [28–31], gestational diabetes (PPARG, CGA) [29, 32], fetal growth restriction (AHR) [28], and fetal programming (SLC27A4) [33].