Interestingly, our previous study found that in a Drp1-dependent manner, MPP+ tipped the mitochondrial fusion and fission balance towards excessive fission to cause mitochondrial fragmentation concurrent with mitochondrial dysfunction but preceding neuronal death [107]; therefore not only indicating an unexpected important role of mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics in mediating MPP+ toxicity but also directly linking mitochondrial dysfunction to mitochondrial dynamics in PD neurotoxin models. Here, DNM1L is linked to Parkinson disease.