APP and Thiamine deficiency: Yokukansan prevented cognitive disturbances in APP-Tg mice (Tabuchi et al., 2009; Fujiwara et al., 2011), mice with intracerebroventricular Aβ-injection (Sekiguchi et al., 2011), rats subjected to cerebrovascular ischemia (Nogami et al., 2013) or intracerebroventricular Aβ injection with ischemia/reperfusion injury (Uchida et al., 2013), gerbils with cerebral ischemia (Liu et al., 2014) and rats with thiamine-deficiency (Ikarashi et al., 2009).