C9 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: It has been shown in SCA8, FXTAS, and C9-ALS/FTD that the protein products from RAN translation are highly toxic and play an significant role in pathogenesis (Zu et al., 2011; Todd et al., 2013; Mizielinska et al., 2014; Freibaum et al., 2015; Oh et al., 2015; Tran et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2016).