Recombinant L. lactis producing IL-12, a T-helper 1 (Th1) bias cytokine has also been investigated for the treatment of asthma, successfully skewing the Th2 dominant immunologic response in murine models of asthma to a Th1 response which simultaneously elevates interferon gamma (IFN-γ) whilst reducing IL-4 levels [80]. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is asthma.