KRAS and pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm: PDAC is characterized by a high frequency (> 95%) of activation of K-Ras mutations (especially G12D)9,10 and progresses from non-invasive pancreatic lesions that include pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs)11.