Moreover, a combination of DKK-1 with anti-dsDNA and/or levels of complements C3 and C4 could not increase the specificity and/or sensitivity for identification of patients with LN diseases, but both the ROC curve and the multiple-factor nonconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the serum DKK-1 was considered better positive biomarker for identification of LN in SLE patients. Here, DKK1 is linked to lobular neoplasia.