Similarly, in patients with SLE, an aberrant expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling related genes HIG2, TCF7, KHSRP, WWP1, SMAD3, TLK2, AES, CCNI, and PIM2 was observed in the peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in patients with SLE [18, 28]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.