IFNA1 and infection: Although the inhibition of ISG expressions may have some feedback effects on IFN production at the later stage of infection in vivo, the effects may vary among different cell types, and they may not be strong enough for the feedback effects of JAK–STAT signaling to affect RIG-I signaling in 293T cells, which possibly accounts for the finding that NS2B3 cannot directly inhibit IFNβ activation in our system.