In unstimulated samples, patients with HIV-tuberculosis had higher percentages of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α+ monocytes compared with controls (Figure 1) and higher supernatant concentrations of colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-3 and IFN-ɣ, whereas supernatant concentrations of IL-1β and IL-8 were lower (Table 2). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.